Making a Bare Mobile Application

This guide demonstrates how to build and run a mobile application using Bare and Expo.

We will be building an application that syncs data from the Pearpass desktop application using autopass and displaying a list of the passwords on mobile.

Project Dependencies

1. Gradle version 8.10.2

2. Java 23

3. Android SDK (>= 28), NDK

Project Setup

We will use the bare-expo template to build our application. To get started, first clone it with git in a new directory:

git clone https://github.com/holepunchto/bare-expo.git autopass-mobile-example

Change to the project directory:

cd autopass-mobile-example

And install the dependencies we will need:

npm i b4a bare-fs bare-rpc corestore autopass @react-native-clipboard/clipboard

npm i bare-pack --save-dev

Directory Structure

bare-expo is a basic template for getting started with Bare applications on mobile. To build a "Pear-end", where the peer-to-peer (P2P) code of the application is run, we will change the directory structure a bit adding a dedicated directory for the Pear-end.

Create a new directory called backend. This is where we will store our Pear-end code that will be run by Bare.

mkdir backend

Create a new file backend.mjs in the backend directory, we will use this file as the entry point for anything P2P. All Bare code should be used here.

touch backend/backend.mjs

Our React Native UI code will go in the existing app/index.tsx file.

Building the Application

Building the UI

The app/index.tsx file that came with the bare-expo template serves as the entry point of the UI of the React Native app.

Replace the contents of app/index.tsx with:

import React, { useState } from 'react'
import {
  View,
  Text,
  TextInput,
  Button,
  FlatList,
  Platform,
  Alert,
  StyleSheet
} from 'react-native'
import Clipboard from '@react-native-clipboard/clipboard'
import { Worklet } from 'react-native-bare-kit'
import bundle from './app.bundle'
import RPC from 'bare-rpc'
import b4a from 'b4a'

type PasswordEntry = {
  username: string
  password: string
  website: string
}

export default function App() {
  const [dataList, setDataList] = useState<PasswordEntry[]>([])
  const [pairingInvite, setPairingInvite] = useState('') // State for pairing invite
  const [isWorkletStarted, setIsWorkletStarted] = useState(false) // State to track worklet status

  const startWorklet = () => {
    const worklet = new Worklet()

    // Correctly passing the args to worklet.start
    worklet.start('/app.bundle', bundle, [Platform.OS, pairingInvite])
    const { IPC } = worklet
    // Initialise RPC
    new RPC(IPC, (req) => {
      // Handle incoming RPC requests

      if (req.command === 'message') {
        const data = b4a.toString(req.data)
        const parsedData = JSON.parse(data) // Assuming data is a JSON string
        const entry: PasswordEntry = {
          username: parsedData[1],
          password: parsedData[2],
          website: parsedData[3]
        }
        // Update the dataList with the received entry
        setDataList((prevDataList) => [...prevDataList, entry])
      }

      if (req.command === 'reset') {
        setDataList(() => [])
      }
    })

    setIsWorkletStarted(true) // Mark worklet as started
  }

  const copyToClipboard = (item: PasswordEntry) => {
    Clipboard.setString(item.password) // Copy password to clipboard
    Alert.alert('Copied to Clipboard', item.password)
  }

  return (
    <View style={styles.container}>
      <Text style={styles.heading}>Autopass-example 🍐</Text>
      {!isWorkletStarted ? ( // Show input if worklet hasn't started
        <>
          <TextInput
            style={styles.input}
            placeholder='Enter Pairing Invite'
            value={pairingInvite}
            onChangeText={setPairingInvite}
          />
          <Button title='Submit' onPress={startWorklet} color='#b0d943' />
        </>
      ) : (
        <FlatList
          data={dataList}
          keyExtractor={(_, index) => index.toString()}
          renderItem={({ item }) => (
            <View style={styles.dataItem}>
              <Text style={styles.itemText}>Username: {item.username}</Text>
              <Text style={styles.itemText}>Password: {item.password}</Text>
              <Text style={styles.itemText}>Website: {item.website}</Text>
              <Button
                title='Copy Password'
                onPress={() => copyToClipboard(item)}
                color='#b0d943'
              />
            </View>
          )}
        />
      )}
    </View>
  )
}

const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  container: {
    flex: 1,
    backgroundColor: '#011501',
    padding: 20
  },
  heading: {
    fontSize: 24,
    fontWeight: 'bold',
    color: '#b0d943',
    textAlign: 'center',
    marginBottom: 20
  },
  input: {
    height: 40,
    borderColor: '#ccc',
    borderWidth: 1,
    marginBottom: 10,
    paddingHorizontal: 10,
    color: '#333'
  },
  dataItem: {
    padding: 10,
    backgroundColor: '#f0f0f0',
    marginVertical: 5,
    borderRadius: 5
  },
  itemText: {
    fontSize: 16,
    color: '#333'
  }
})

Building the Pear-end

Add the following code to backend/backend.mjs:

// /* global Bare, BareKit */

import RPC from 'bare-rpc'
import fs from 'bare-fs'

import Autopass from 'autopass'
import Corestore from 'corestore'
const { IPC } = BareKit

const path =
  Bare.argv[0] === 'android'
    ? '/data/data/to.holepunch.bare.expo/autopass-example'
    : './tmp/autopass-example/'

const rpc = new RPC(IPC, (req, error) => {
  // Handle two way communication here
})

// For a clean start
if (fs.existsSync(path)) {
  fs.rmSync(path, {
    recursive: true,
    force: true
  })
}

fs.mkdirSync(path)
const invite = Bare.argv[1]
const pair = Autopass.pair(new Corestore(path), invite)
const pass = await pair.finished()

await pass.ready()

pass.on('update', async (e) => {
  const req = rpc.request('reset')
  req.send('data')

  for await (const data of pass.list()) {
    const value = JSON.parse(data.value)

    if (value[0] === 'password') {
      const req = rpc.request('message')
      req.send(JSON.stringify(value))
    }
  }
})

Bundling the Pear-end

Now we need to create a bundle with all of our Pear-end code, dependencies and references to native addon libraries so that Bare has everything it needs to run our code.

To create the bundle we will use bare-pack. Mobile apps link the native addons ahead of time, so we can target only the platform and use the --linked option to use those linked libraries. You can learn more about bundling with bare-pack here.

To create a bundle that targets both iOS and Android, run:

npx bare-pack --target ios --target android  --linked --out app/app.bundle.mjs backend/backend.mjs

This will create a bundle and store it under the app directory as app.bundle.mjs which is imported by the UI.

Running the application

Autopass mobile app running on iOS

iOS

npm run ios

Android

[!IMPORTANT] You may experience problems running the app on an emulated Android device under QEMU due to https://github.com/holepunchto/libjs/issues/4. If you encounter crashes, try running the app on a real Android device instead.

npm run android

Viewing error logs

Any React Native error will be directly printed to the terminal. Bare (Pear-end) errors will not appear directly in the terminal but they can be viewed using logcat when running the app on Android.

To view logs while running on iOS on macOS use the built-in Console.app or the log tool using the predicate subsystem == 'bare'.

log stream --level=debug --predicate "subsystem == 'bare'"

For more information on consuming logs, see the liblog README.

Explanation

React Native uses Hermes as its Javascript engine by default. Hermes however does not support User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the low level control needed for P2P applications. That's where Bare comes in. It provides simple ABI stable native bindings (libjs) that the Pear platform stack takes advantage of so you can write Javascript once and run it everywhere.

app/index.tsx

import { Worklet } from 'react-native-bare-kit'

In order to create a Bare thread, we import the Worklet class from react-native-bare-kit. This class is what we use to create a Bare thread and is where the Pear-end (P2P) code is run.

import bundle from './app.bundle'

app.bundle was created while bundling the Pear-end. This bundle contains all of our dependencies and the code from app/backend.mjs in a single file. We import this bundle so we can pass it to the worklet as the source to run.

import RPC from 'bare-rpc'

bare-rpc provides a remote procedure call (RPC) on top of react-native-bare-kit's inter-process communication (IPC) stream to communicate between the React Native UI and the Pear-end.

import b4a from 'b4a'

b4a is a module for creating buffers using Uint8Arrays where Buffers are not available. We use this to decode the request data sent via the bare-rpc from the Pear-end.

const worklet = new Worklet()

Creates a new worklet object, ideally we should only create a single worklet.

worklet.start('/app.bundle', bundle, [Platform.OS, pairingInvite])

Here we start our worklet with the bundle we imported in the previous step. The '/app.bundle' is the filename for the bundle, bundle is the bundled source that we imported and [Platform.OS, pairingInvite] are the arguments to be passed to the Bare runtime. These arguments will be available to the Bare process as soon as it starts in Bare.argv[].

const { IPC } = worklet

Once the worklet has started, we can use its IPC stream to communicate between the UI and Pear-end, but using an RPC on top of the IPC is often easier.

new RPC(IPC, (req) => {
  // Handle incoming RPC requests
})

To that end, we create an RPC passing it the IPC stream and defining an onrequest callback for when a request is received from the other end.

if (req.command === 'message') {
  const data = b4a.toString(req.data)
  const parsedData = JSON.parse(data) // Assuming data is a JSON string
  // Use the parsedData...
}

Inside the callback, we respond to the request by first checking which command we received and then processing its data. If you need to reply to a command, you can also req.reply(data).

backend/backend.mjs

import RPC from 'bare-rpc'
import fs from 'bare-fs'

import Autopass from 'autopass'
import Corestore from 'corestore'
const { IPC } = BareKit

Here we import all necessary modules and define IPC getting it from BareKit. BareKit and Bare are global in this file and available by default.

Bare.argv[0]

As previously mentioned, arguments passed to the worklet are available in the Bare.argv property. So Bare.argv[0] contains the first argument passed to the Bare worklet.

const pair = Autopass.pair(new Corestore(path), invite)

Start the pairing process with the other Autopass instance using the invite passed to the worklet. Checkout the autopass README to learn more.

const req = rpc.request('reset')
req.send('data')

Create a new RPC request, and send it with 'data', this will be received by the UI in the RPC's onrequest callback.